Matrigel increased the secretion of alpha-amylase two to five folds into the media, downregulated certain salivary genes, and regulated the translation of acinar proteins.

This three-dimensional in vitro serum-free cell culture method allows the organization and differentiation of huSG cells into salivary cells with an acinar phenotype.”
“Radiosynoviorthesis (RS) is an intra-articular injection of a radioactive colloid for the treatment of synovitis administered most often to patients with rheumatoid arthritis or haemophilia. Although highly cost-effective in comparison with surgical or arthroscopic synovectomy, GSK461364 the risk of cancer associated with this treatment is not well known. We evaluated the incidence of cancer in a group of patients treated with RS. A cohort of 2412 adult patients with a variety of underlying conditions (mainly rheumatoid arthritis) and treated with at least one RS between January 1976 and December 2001, was recruited from two centres in Montreal. Cediranib mw Cancer incidence and mortality data for cohort members over that time period were obtained from regulatory agencies using linkage. Background rates for all and specific types of cancer were obtained for the provincial (Quebec) and national (Canada) population according to age, gender and calendar period categories. Category-specific rates in the cohort were compared with rates in similar categories from the general population generating

standardized incidence ratios (SIR). The effects of specific isotope doses and of number of RS treatments were analysed using a Cox-regression model. No increase in the risk of cancer was observed (SIR 0.96; 95% confidence interval 0.821.12). There was no doseresponse relationship with the amount of radioisotope

administered or number of RS treatments. The study provides some indication for the safety of the procedure but homogenous diagnostic groups of younger patients (such as haemophilic patients) receiving RS will need more evaluation.”
“Background: To report the results of an audit concerning Cyclosporin A research gaps in clinical trials that were accepted for appraisal in authored and published systematic reviews regarding the application of glass-ionomer cements (GIC) in dental practice\n\nMethods: Information concerning research gaps in trial precision was extracted, following a framework that included classification of the research gap reasons: ‘imprecision of information (results)’, ‘biased information’, ‘inconsistency or unknown consistency’ and ‘not the right information’, as well as research gap characterization using PICOS elements: population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), outcomes (O) and setting (S). Internal trial validity assessment was based on the understanding that successful control for systematic error cannot be assured on the basis of inclusion of adequate methods alone, but also requires empirical evidence about whether such attempt was successful.

From these articles, we determined that

there are a number of promising new therapies, pharmacological agents or complementary medicines, but data are just emerging. Drugs and therapies targeting cognitive dysfunction in MOD should prove effective in improving specific cognitive domains and functioning, while ruling out pseudospecificity. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a novel estrogen receptor that mediates proliferative effects induced by estrogen but also by tamoxifen. The aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of GPER in a large collective of primary invasive breast carcinomas, with special emphasis on the subcellular expression and to evaluate the association with clinicopathological see more parameters and patient overall survival.\n\nMethods: The tissue microarrays from formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded samples of primary invasive breast click here carcinomas (n = 981) were analyzed for GPER expression using immunohistochemistry. Expression data were compared to the clinicopathological parameters and overall survival. GPER localization was also analyzed in two immortalized

breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF7 by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy.\n\nResults: A predominantly cytoplasmic GPER expression was found in 189 carcinomas (19.3%), whereas a predominantly nuclear expression was observed in 529 cases (53.9%). A simultaneous comparable positive expression of both patterns was found in 32 of 981 cases (3.2%), and negative staining was detected in 295 cases (30%). Confocal microscopy confirmed the occurrence of cytoplasmic and nuclear GPER expression in T47D and MCF7. Cytoplasmic GPER expression was significantly associated with non-ductal histologic subtypes, low tumor stage, better

histologic differentiation, as well as Luminal A and B subtypes. In contrast, nuclear GPER expression was significantly Elafibranor ic50 associated with poorly differentiated carcinomas and the triple-negative subtype. In univariate analysis, cytoplasmic GPER expression was associated with better overall survival (p = 0.012).\n\nConclusion: Our data suggest that predominantly cytoplasmic and/or nuclear GPER expression are two distinct immunohistochemical patterns in breast carcinomas and may reflect different biological features, reason why these patterns should be clearly distinguished in histological evaluations. Prospective studies will be needed to assess whether the expression status of GPER in breast carcinomas should be routinely observed by clinicians, for instance, before implementing endocrine breast cancer treatment.”
“PURPOSE: To describe a single-center experience with sclerotherapy of postoperative lymphocele and to determine the risk factors for failure of treatment.

Among HSWs, the use of mobile phones for solicitation ranged from 37.6% in Quetta to 83% in Peshawar and among MSWs the use of mobile phones ranged from 27% in Karachi to 52% in Quetta. In Quetta, a large proportion of HSWs (41%) find clients through gurus. Client volume tended to be higher among HSWs and among both MSWs and HSWs in Quetta and Peshawar.

Condom use with clients was most consistent in Quetta, with 31% of MSWs and 41% of HSWs reporting always using condoms with clients. Selleck Tariquidar Peshawar had the greatest proportion reporting never using condoms. Conclusions There is considerable geographic heterogeneity in the characteristics and operational dynamics of MSWs and HSWs across Pakistan.”
“Background: ss 2 adrenergic receptor (ADRb2) polymorphisms including ADRb2+46G bigger than A have been reported to cause adverse outcomes in mild

asthmatics. The extent to which ADRb2 polymorphisms and in particular their haplotypes contribute to severe asthma is unknown. Objective: To determine the association of ADRb2 polymorphisms and haplotypes with asthma severity. Methods: Caucasians (n = 2979) were genotyped for 11 ADRb2 polymorphisms. The cohort (mean age 39.6, 60% female) included 2296 non-asthmatics, 386 mild asthmatics, 172 moderate CCI-779 cell line asthmatics and 125 severe asthmatics. Haplotype frequency and haplotype pair for each subject was determined using the PHASE algorithm. Results: The three asthmatic cohorts were comparable in age and gender but were distinguishable from each other in terms of symptoms, spirometry, medication use and health care utilisation (p smaller than 0.001). None of the polymorphisms showed a genotypic or allelic association with asthma diagnosis or severity. Nine haplotypes were identified and no association was found with asthma diagnosis or severity per se. Haplotype pair 2/4 was associated with asthma severity (Trend Test, OR 1.42, p = 0.0008) but not with asthma per se. Prevalence of haplotype pair

2/2 appeared to decrease with asthma severity ( Trend Test, OR 0.78, p = 0.067). Two new haplotypes were identified, occurring exclusively in asthmatics at a frequency of bigger than = 1%. In addition, a positive association between carriage of ADRb2 +523*C and increased risk of atopy was discovered. Conclusions: ADRb2 haplotype pair STAT inhibitor 2/4 is associated with severe asthma and is consistent with findings of poor bronchodilator response in mild asthmatics who are also haplotype 2/4.”
“Background: The Arabidopsis thaliana F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) has previously been characterized for its role in plant development. MAX2 appears essential for the perception of the newly characterized phytohormone strigolactone, a negative regulator of polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Results: A reverse genetic screen for F-box protein mutants altered in their stress responses identified MAX2 as a component of plant defense. Here we show that MAX2 contributes to plant resistance against pathogenic bacteria.

\n\nConclusion: Given the continued reliance on VA to determine cause of death in settings STI571 with inadequate registration systems, it is important to understand the gaps in current VA methods and explore how methods can be improved to accurately

reflect neonatal disease burden in the global community.”
“Objective. Given recently developed prediction intervals (Pis) in which a random mean effect for a new study is estimated from meta-analytic data, we used the results from our previously published meta-analysis to calculate Pis for changes in lipids and lipoproteins as a result of progressive resistance training (PRT) in adults.\n\nMethods. Twenty-nine studies representing 1329 men and women (676 exercise, 653 control) were included. The primary outcomes included total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C,) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TC). Separate Pis (95%) were calculated for all lipids and lipoproteins.\n\nResults.

The expected outcomes of a new study on this topic were as follows: TC, -5.5 (-24.0, 13.0) mg/dl; HDL-C, 0.7 (-8.9, 10.4) buy GDC-0973 mg/dl; TC/HDL-C, -0.5 (-1.8, 0.8); non-HIDL-C, -8.7 (-35.7, 18.3) mg/dl; LDL-C, -6.1 (-28.9, 16.4) mg/dI; TG, -8.1 (-34.5, 18.3) mg/dl.\n\nConclusions. Caution may be warranted in recommending that PRT improves TC, HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDL-C. and TG in adults. this website Future research should continue to examine the effects of PRT on lipids and lipoproteins in adults so as to determine optimal programs and populations in which PRT may have a positive effect. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Statutory registration of Chinese Medicine (CM) practitioners was introduced in Victoria

in 2000. The application assessment process for those who were granted registration during the transitional period (2002-04) was resource intensive, as little was known about their age, education, practice and language proficiency. This study offers insights that may be useful for the planning of national registration to commence in 2012.\n\nMethods. Data were extracted from registration application forms submitted to the Chinese Medicine Registration Board of Victoria (CMRB) between 2002 and 2004, using pre-defined data collection forms.\n\nResults. In 2006, 639 ‘grandparented’ Victorian CM practitioners had been registered, with a median age of 44 years old (range 23-86). There was a higher proportion of younger female, English-speaking, acupuncturists v. a higher proportion of older male, non-English-speaking, Chinese herbalists.

It would also be interesting to investigate the bias-variance trade-off.”
“Background: Transplantation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) is a new method of prevention of left ventricular (LV) remodelling in post-infarction patients. Studies published to date point to LV systolic and diastolic function improvement following this therapy however only a few studies assessed the long-term effects of BMSC.\n\nAim: To assess the 2 year prognosis in patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI) treated with BMSC transplantation in the acute phase.\n\nMethods: The study group consisted of 60 patients with first anterior

ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), treated with primary percutaneous angioplasty, with baseline LV ejection fraction (LVEF) < 40%, who were randomly assigned to undergo BMSC transplantation on day 7 of the STEMI (40 patients, BMSC group) or to receive standard treatment (20 patients, control group). Angiogenesis inhibitor In all the patients echocardiography was performed MG0103 at baseline and after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. The composite end-point (death, MI, admission for heart failure or repeat revascularisation) was assessed after 2 years of follow-up.\n\nResults: Absolute increase of LVEF compared to baseline values was higher in the BMSC group than in the control group. The LVEF increase in BMSC group at 1 month was 7.1% (95% CI 3.1-11.1%), at 6 months – 9.3%

(95% CI 5.3-13.3%), at 12 months – 11.0% (95% CI 6.2-13.3%) and at 24 months – 10% (95% CI 7.2-12.1%). In the

control group, LVEF increase was 3.7% (95% CI 2.3-9.7%) at 1 month, 4.7% (95% CI 1.2-10.6%) at 6 months, 4.8% (95% CI 1.5-11.0%) at 12 months and 4.7% (95% CI 1.4-10.7%) MEK phosphorylation at 24 months. The composite end-point occurred significantly more frequently in the control group (55%) than in the BMSC group (23%): OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.06-7.02, p = 0.015.\n\nConclusions: Treatment with mononuclear bone marrow cells on day 7 of the first anterior MI in patients with significant baseline systolic dysfunction improves 2-year outcome.”
“BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to determine if carefully selected ABO-compatible donors in single-lung transplantation results in acceptable outcomes. METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing database was reviewed for adult single-lung transplant recipients from May 2005 to December 2011. Recipients of lungs from ABO-compatible donors were compared with those of ABO-identical donors. Mortality was examined with risk-adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression using significant univariate predictors. RESULTS: Of 3,572 single-lung transplants, 342 (9.6%) were from ABO-compatible donors. The two groups were evenly matched in recipient age (60.8 vs 60.2 years, p = 0.28), male gender (61.8% vs 58.2%, p = 0.10), lung allocation score (43.4 vs 42.6, p = 0.32), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; 41.2% vs 40.

It is seen to be important that amateur boxers wear protective materials as a helmet and mouth guard to minimize the risk of injury. The use of protective equipment must be encouraged for boxer’s health.”
“The management of disorders of sexual development (DSD) in humans and domestic animals has been the subject

of intense interest for decades. The association between abnormal chromosome constitutions and DSDs in domestic animals has been recorded since the beginnings of conventional cytogenetic analysis. Deviated karyotypes consisting of abnormal sex chromosome sets and/or the coexistence of cells with different Crenolanib clinical trial sex chromosome constitutions in an individual seem to be the main causes of anomalies of sex determination and sex differentiation. In recent years, a growing interest has developed around the environmental insults, such as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) and heat stressors, which affect fertility, early embryonic development and, in some instances, directly the sex ratio and/or the development of 1 specific sex versus the other. A variety of chemical compounds present in the environment at low doses has been shown to have major effects on the reproductive functions in human and domestic animals following prolonged exposure. see more In this review,

we present an overview of congenital/chromosomal factors that are responsible for the DSDs and link them and the lack of proper embryonic development to environmental factors that are becoming a major global concern. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The role of endothelial progenitor cells in vascular repair is related to their incorporation at sites of vascular lesions, differentiation into endothelial cells, and release of various angiogenic factors specifically by a subset of early outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (EOCs). It has been shown that patients suffering from cardiovascular disease exhibit increased levels of circulating and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), which may influence the function of EOCs. We have previously shown that the inflammatory receptor CD40 is expressed on EOCs and its ligation with sCD40L impairs the anti-platelet

function of EOCs. In the present study, we aimed at investigating 3-deazaneplanocin A solubility dmso the effect of sCD40L on the function of EOCs in endothelial repair. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived EOCs express CD40 and its adaptor proteins, the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors; TRAF1, TRAF2 and TRAF3. Stimulation of EOCs with sCD40L increased the expression of TRAF1, binding of TRAF2 to CD40 and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). In an in vitro wound healing assay, stimulation of EOCs with sCD40L increased the release of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly enhanced the angiogenic potential of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

(C) 2010 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The desired outcome of the victim identification component of a mass fatality event is correct identification of deceased persons in a timely manner allowing legal and social closure for relatives of the victims. Quality Management across all aspects of the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) structure facilitates this process. Quality Management MK-8931 mw in forensic odontology is the understanding and implementation of a methodology that ensures collection, collation and preservation of the maximum amount of available dental data and the appropriate interpretation of that data to achieve outcomes to a standard expected by the DVI instructing authority, impacted parties and the forensic odontology specialist community. Managerial pre-event planning responsibility, via an odontology coordinator, includes setting a chain of command, developing and reviewing standard operating procedures (SOP), ensuring use of current scientific methodologies and staff training. During a DVI managerial responsibility includes tailoring SOP to the specific situation, ensuring member accreditation, encouraging inter-disciplinary cooperation and ensuring security of odontology data and work site. Individual responsibilities include the ability

to work within a team, accept peer review, and share individual PD-1/PD-L1 targets members’ skill sets to achieve the best outcome. These responsibilities also include adherence to chain of command and the SOP, maintenance of currency of knowledge and recognition of professional boundaries of expertise. This article highlights issues of Quality Management pertaining particularly to forensic odontology but can also be extrapolated to all DVI actions.”
“This article addresses the clinical application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography

(CT) as applied to the standing equine patient. This discussion includes the logistics, advantages, AZD6244 supplier disadvantages, and limitations of imaging a standing horse. In addition, a brief review is given of the physics of these modalities as applied in clinical practice, and the currently available hardware and software required by these techniques for image acquisition and artifact reduction. The appropriate selection of clinical cases for standing MRI and CT is reviewed, focusing on cases that are capable of undergoing standing surgeries following lesion diagnosis.”
“A full-field, multi-axial computation technique is described for determining residual stresses using the hole-drilling method with DIC. The computational method takes advantage of the large quantity of data available from full-field images to ameliorate the effect of modest deformation sensitivity of DIC measurements. It also provides uniform residual stress sensitivity in all in-plane directions and accounts for artifacts that commonly occur within experimental measurements.

Here, buy Alvocidib we introduce the APPEX Web-based analysis platform as a versatile tool for identifying prognostic molecular signatures that predict cancer diversity. We incorporated most of statistical methods for survival analysis and implemented seven survival analysis workflows, including CoxSingle, CoxMulti, IntransSingle, IntransMulti, SuperPC, TimeRoc and multivariate. A total of 236 publicly available datasets were collected, processed and stored to support easy independent validation of prognostic signatures. Two case studies including disease recurrence and bladder cancer progression were described using different combinations of the

seven workflows.”
“Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) proviral load (VL) is an important determinant of viral pathogenesis and malignant evolution. Although VL has been quantified by in-house real-time quantifiable polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology, little is

known about https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html the harmonization among different VL assay systems. We evaluated intra- and inter-laboratory variability of VL measured at six laboratories using the same DNA samples seropositive for HTLV-1 in a two-step manner. The first study measured 60 samples by original in-house assays, finding that the median intra- and inter-laboratory coefficient of variation (CV) was 44.9% (range, 25.4-71.8%) and 59.9% (34.2-93.4%), respectively. The inter-laboratory correlation coefficients ranged from 0.760 to 0.875, indicating that VL were measured with good precision in each laboratory, but inter-laboratory regression slopes differed from 0.399 to 2.206, indicating that VL were measured with a wide variation between laboratories. To examine the effect of standardization of reference materials

(RM) on the VL variability, we performed a second study using only 20 samples by substituting RM for plasmid including the HTLV-1 pX region. The median inter-laboratory CV for raw pX copy number was reduced significantly from 66.9% to 35.7%, whereas the median BTK activity CV for the internal control remained almost unchanged, resulting in no improvement in inter-laboratory CV for VL. This indicates that each in-house assay system worked well with good precision, but standardizing RM alone was insufficient for harmonization. The relevant choice of not only RM, but also internal control genes for data normalization is expected to be realistic to standardize HTLV-1 VL measurement. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2361-2367).”
“Dendritic cells (DCs) are an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs get activated in inflamed tissues where oxygen tension is usually low, which requires the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 for cellular adaptation.

Residual fraction of REEs accounted for the majority of their total concentrations. Middle REEs were more easily leached than other REEs, especially in clayey silt sediment REEs contents in the surface sediment from the intertidal Bohai Sea were consistent with data from the upper continental crust and China shallow sea sediments, indicating that they were generally unaffected by heavily anthropogenic effects from adjacent areas. (C) 2014 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mk-5108-vx-689.html Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Alpinetin,

a novel plant flavonoid derived from Alpinia katsumadai Huyata, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of alpinetin has not been Fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of alpinetin in modifying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced signaling pathways in human THP-1 macrophages. The cells were stimulated with [PS in the presence or absence of alpinetin. The pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by ELISA and qRT-PCR. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4),

nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), inhibitory kappa B (I kappa B alpha) protein, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and PPAR-gamma were determined by Western blotting. The results showed that alpinetin inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta expression in LPS-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that alpinetin suppressed LPS-induced NF-kappa B activation, AZD1208 purchase I kappa B alpha degradation, phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and P38. Furthermore, alpinetin could significantly down-regulated the expression of TLR4 stimulating by [PS. We also found that alpinetin could activate PPAR-gamma and the anti-inflammatory

effects of alpinetin can be reversed by GW9662, a specific antagonist for PPAR-gamma. These results suggest that alpinetin activates PPAR-gamma, thereby attenuating TLR4 expression and TLR4 mediated NF-kappa B and MAPK activation and the release of proinflammatory selleck kinase inhibitor cytokines. These findings suggest that alpinetin may be a therapeutic agent against inflammatory diseases. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V,”
“To investigate azithromycin susceptibility in Shigella sonnei in the United States, we examined the azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of outbreak and routine human S. sonnei isolates. Isolate susceptibility clustered at 8 mg/L, but three isolates displayed higher MICs (>64 mg/L) to azithromycin. All three isolates contained a plasmid-encoded mphA gene, known to encode a macrolide-2′-phosphotransferase enzyme. Transformation of the mphA gene into Escherichia coli DH10B allowed the transfer of decreased susceptibility to azithromycin.

The proposed approach may have useful applications in the treatment of CM I-SM.”
“(E)-Trimethyl-(3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)silane (1) was synthesized as a reagent for use In Hiyama cross-coupling reactions for the production of beta-trifluoromethylstyrene derivatives. Cross-coupling of 1 with electronically diverse aryl iodides was achieved by treatment with CsF In the presence of catalytic amounts

of palladium to afford the desired products In moderate to good yields.”
“PURPOSE: GSK2126458 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor The aim of this study was to determine the endosonographic anatomy in children to define normal age-related differences in sphincter morphology and measurements.\n\nMETHODS: One hundred ten consecutive children (76 males and 34 females; mean age, 3.94 years; range, 1.10-15.09) with endoanal ultrasonography were studied. The thickness of the anal canal of the internal and external anal sphincter of each child was registered and correlated with the age.\n\nRESULTS: At the high level, the puborectalis muscles were clearly visualized, with a median thickness of 4.73 mm, and the internal anal sphincters were observed, with a mean thickness www.selleckchem.com/products/elafibranor.html of 1.21 mm. At the mid level, both the internal and external anal sphincters were visualized, as well. The mean internal anal sphincter thickness was 1.23 mm and the median thickness of the external anal sphincter was 4.47

mm. At the lower level, the median external anal sphincter thickness was 5.39 mm. There was no significant correlation between the thickness of the internal and external sphincters and sex. The puborectalis and the external anal sphincter thickness showed a highly significant positive correlation with age. There was no significant correlation between the internal sphincter thickness and age.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The endosonographic morphology of children is similar to that of adults, PLX4032 supplier although the structures in children less than 5 years of age are difficult to differentiate. We detected a significant increase in the thickness of the external anal sphincter as patients grow older,

but not in the internal anal sphincter.”
“Carboxylated collagen fiber (CCF) was prepared by modifying collagen fiber with glyoxylic acid. The structure of CCF was characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CCF was an effective adsorbent for the removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solutions, and the adsorption capacity of Cr(III) increased by 74.13% after modification. The adsorption isotherm, as well as the kinetics of the adsorption of Cr(III) on CCF, was studied. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm of Cr(III) could be well described by the Freundlich equation, and the adsorption capacity increased slightly with increasing temperature, but the influence was not so obvious.