This is ascribed to the natural drop in plasma androgen levels after breeding. However, in the groups concurrently exposed to levonorgestrel, transition to the non-breeding condition was dose-dependently inhibited. Our results show that levonorgestrel can disrupt the seasonal breeding

cycle in male sticklebacks. The fitness costs of such an effect could be detrimental to natural stickleback populations. Some effects occurred at a levonorgestrel concentration of 6.5 ng L-1, well within the range of levonorgestrel levels in surface waters and may therefore occur in progestin-contaminated waters. Furthermore, AZD3965 the effects by levonorgestrel in the present study were likely mediated mainly by its androgenic activity, and the low concentration at which they occurred makes levonorgestrel one of the most potent androgenic contaminants known. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Humans have and hold 100 trillion intestinal bacteria that are essential for health. For millions of years human-microorganisms interaction has co-evolved, and maintained close symbiotic relationship. Gut bacteria contributes to human health and metabolism, and humans provides

the optimum nutrition-rich environment for bacteria. What is the mechanism of the host distinguishing the intestinal bacteria as its cohabiting partner and what kind of benefits does the gut nnicrobiota provide the human are the fundamental questions to be asked and solved in order to make human life a higher quality. This learn more review explains the physiological relationship and mutualism between the host and gut microorganism, and highlights the potential therapeutic approach for BIIB057 manufacturer treating diseases, maintaining and improving health based on these correlations.”
“Purpose: To compare immediate nephroureterectomy with delayed nephroureterectomy after a trial of nephron-sparing endoscopic surgery in patients who were treated initially at our institution

from 1996 to 2004 for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Patients were monitored for upper tract recurrences, metastases, cancer-specific and overall survival. Survival outcomes and perioperative measurements were compared between treatment groups.\n\nResults: Of 73 patients, 62 underwent immediate nephroureterectomy and 11 proceeded to nephroureterectomy after failed endoscopic management. Mean follow-up for all patients was 58 months and 75 months for patients who were alive at last follow-up. Patients treated initially with endoscopy averaged a surveillance procedure every 3.7 months and had a median delay to nephroureterectomy of 10 months. Perioperative measurements at time of nephroureterectomy did not differ between groups.

“
“Chronic postnatal hyperoxia blunts the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in rats, an effect that persists for months after return to normoxia. To determine whether decreased carotid body O-2 sensitivity contributes to this lasting impairment, single-unit chemoafferent nerve and glomus cell calcium responses to hypoxia were recorded from rats reared in 60% O-2 through 7d of age (P7) and then returned to normoxia. Single-unit nerve responses were attenuated by P4 and remained low through P7. After return to normoxia, hypoxic responses were partially recovered within 3d and fully

recovered within 7-8 d (i.e., at P14-15). Glomus cell calcium responses recovered with a similar time course. Hyperoxia altered carotid body mRNA expression for O-2-sensitive K+ channels TASK-1, TASK-3, and BKCa, but only TASK-1 mRNA paralleled VX-770 cell line changes in chemosensitivity (i.e., downregulation by P7, partial recovery by P14). Collectively, these data do not support a role for reduced O-2 sensitivity of individual chemoreceptor cells in long-lasting reduction of the HVR after developmental hyperoxia. (C) 2011

Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND\n\nRuminants produce large quantities of methane in their rumen as a by-product of microbial digestion of feed. Antibiotics are added to ruminant feed to reduce wasteful production of methane; however, this practice has some downsides. A search for safer and natural feed additives with anti-methanogenic properties is under way. The objective of this research was to examine selected feed additives, plant essential oils and plant extracts for their anti-methanogenic Vorinostat order AZD7762 ic50 potential in the rumen using an in vitro batch fermentation system.\n\nRESULTS\n\nA significant reduction (P < 0.05) in methane production was observed with nine feed additives (up to 40% reduction), all eight essential oils (up to 75% reduction) and two plant extracts (14% reduction) when compared to their respective controls. Amongst these, only an algal meal high

in docosahexaenoic acid, preparations of Nannochloropsis oculata, calcareous marine algae, yeast metabolites and two tannins did not inhibit microbial gas and volatile acid production.\n\nCONCLUSIONS\n\nThe current study identified some potent dietary ingredients or plant compounds that can assist in developing novel feed additives for methane mitigation from the rumen. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“The Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) uses a hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) approach to teaching in the D.M.D. curriculum. Each tutorial group at HSDM is made up of eight to ten students. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of the students in the tutorial sessions as assessed by the tutor. A total of ten tutorial blocks led by twenty-four tutorial leaders were completed at HSDM between summer 2008 and fall 2009.

Finally, it critically positions iloperidone relative to other first-and second-generation antipsychotics.”
“C57BL/6N inbred mice are used as the genetic background for producing knockout mice in large-scale projects worldwide; however, the genetic divergence among C57BL/6N-derived substrains has not been verified. Here, we identified novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specific to the C57BL/6NJ strain and selected useful SNPs for the genetic monitoring of C57BL/6N-derived substrains. Informative SNPs were selected from the public SNP

database at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute by comparing sequence data from 17DMAG supplier C57BL/6NJ and C57BL/6J mice. A total of 1,361 candidate SNPs from the SNP database could distinguish the C57BL/6NJ strain from 12 other inbred strains. We confirmed 277 C57BL/6NJ-specific SNPs including 10 nonsynonymous SNPs by direct sequencing, and selected 100 useful SNPs that cover all of the chromosomes except Y. Genotyping of 11 C57BL/6N-derived substrains at these 100 SNP loci demonstrated genetic differences among the substrains. This information will be useful for accurate genetic monitoring of mouse strains with a C57BL/6N-derived background.”
“A suboptimal selenium supply appears to prevail in Europe. The current study, therefore, was focused on the changes in gene expression under a suboptimal

selenium Mizoribine manufacturer intake. Previous microarray analyses in the colon of mice fed either a selenium-adequate or a moderately deficient diet revealed a change in genes of several pathways. Severe selenium-deficiency has been found previously to influence Nrf2-regulated genes of the adaptive response. Since the previous pathway analyses were done with a program not searching for Nrf2 target genes,

respective genes were manually selected and confirmed by qPCR. qPCR revealed an induction of phase II (Nqo1, Gsts, Sult1b1 and Ugt1a6) and antioxidant enzymes (Hmox1, Mt2, Prdx1, Srxn1, Sod1 and Gclc) under the selenium-poor diet, which is considered to compensate for the loss of selenoproteins. The strongest CT99021 effects were observed in the duodenum where preferentially genes for antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated. These also include the mRNA of the selenoproteins TrxR1 and GPx2 that would enable their immediate translation upon selenium refeeding. The down-regulation of Gsk3 beta in moderate selenium-deficiency observed in the previous paper provides a possible explanation for the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, because inhibition of GSK3 beta results in the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2.”
“Agricultural encroachment into low-governance forest frontiers including vast tracts of hitherto unclaimed public lands and indigenous territories represents one of the most abrupt land-use transitions in tropical countries. This often results from spontaneous migration from more heavily-settled regions or direct subsidies from land redistribution programs prescribed by central-government policy.

The EO properties of ZnTe were investigated by optical confinement with an electric field. The effect of the applied electric field and the rotation of polarization wave effect are discussed. (C) 2012 The Japan Society of Applied Physics”
“A survey was conducted to determine the diversity and frequency of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in citrus orchards in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. The main aim of the survey was to obtain nematodes as biological control agents against false

codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta, a key pest of citrus in South Africa. From a total of 202 samples, 35 (17%) tested positive for the presence of EPN. Of these, four isolates (11%) were found Stem Cell Compound Library clinical trial to be steinernematids, while 31 (89%) were heterorhabditids. Sequencing and characterisation of the internal transcribed HSP990 manufacturer spacer (ITS) region was used to identify all nematode isolates to species

level. Morphometrics, morphology and biology of the infective juvenile (IJ) and the first-generation male were used to support molecular identification and characterisation. The Steinernema spp. identified were Steinernema khoisanae, Steinernema yirgalemense and Steinernema citrae. This is the first report of S. yirgalemense in South Africa, while for S. citrae it is the second new steinernematid to be identified from South Africa. Heterorhabditis species identified include Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica and an unknown species of Heterorhabditis. Laboratory bioassays, using 24-well bioassay disks, have shown isolates of all six species found during the survey, to be highly virulent against the last instar of FCM larvae. S. yirgalemense, at a concentration of 50 IJs/FCM larva caused 100% mortality and 74% at a concentration of 200 IJs/pupa. Using a sand bioassay, S. yirgalemense gave 93% control of cocooned pupae and emerging moths at a concentration of 20 IJs/cm(2). This is the first report on the potential use of EPN to control the soil-borne

life stages of FCM, which includes larvae, pupae and emerging moths. It was shown that emerging moths were infected with nematodes, which may aid in control and dispersal. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Volasertib ic50 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a key role for the blood-brain barrier disruption and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (iv-tPA) therapy increases MMP-9. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, reduces MMP-9-related blood-brain barrier disruption. We aimed to investigate whether edaravone would suppress the MMP-9 increase after iv-tPA using low-dose alteplase (0.6 mg/kg). Subjects: Patients hospitalized within 12 hours after ischemic stroke onset between April 2008 and June 2013 were retrospectively examined.

Parents’ affective disorders and expressions of positive affect could exert an influence on affect-related circuitry. The current study evaluated how maternal depression

and maternal warmth assessed in early childhood and early adolescence were related to boys’ reward Blebbistatin price function during early adulthood. Method: Participants were 120 boys at socioeconomic risk for emotional problems. Mothers’ history of depression during the child’s lifetime was measured when boys were 42 months old and 10 and 11 years old. Maternal warmth was observed during mother child interactions at 18 and 24 months and at 10 and 11 years. Results: Maternal warmth during early childhood was associated with less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) when anticipating and experiencing reward loss. Maternal warmth during early adolescence was associated with less activation in the mPFC when winning rewards and greater activation in the caudate when experiencing loss. The association between maternal warmth during early childhood and early adolescence and reward function in the striatum and mPFC was stronger for boys

exposed to maternal depression BMS-754807 supplier relative to boys who were not. Conclusions: The experience of warmth and affection from mothers may be a protective factor for reward function in boys exposed to maternal depression, possibly by engaging vulnerable neural reward systems through affiliation.”
“Little is known about the regulation Thiazovivin of arthritis severity and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) have a central role in joint damage and express increased levels of the cation channel Trpv2. We aimed at determining the role of Trpv2 in arthritis. Treatment with Trpv2-specific agonists decreased the in vitro invasiveness of FLS from RA patients and arthritic rats and mice. Trpv2 stimulation suppressed IL-1 beta-induced expression of MMP-2 and MMP-3. Trpv2 agonists,

including the new and more potent LER13, significantly reduced disease severity in KRN serum- and collagen-induced arthritis, and reduced histologic joint damage, synovial inflammation, and synovial blood vessel numbers suggesting anti-angiogenic activity. In this first in vivo use of Trpv2 agonists we discovered a new central role for Trpv2 in arthritis. These new compounds have the potential to become new therapies for RA and other diseases associated with inflammation, invasion, and angiogenesis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD; hydroxymethylbilane synthase; EC 2.5.1.61) catalyses a key early step of the haem- and chlorophyll-biosynthesis pathways in which four molecules of the monopyrrole porphobilinogen are condensed to form a linear tetrapyrrole. The active site possesses an unusual dipyrromethane cofactor which is extended during the reaction by the sequential addition of the four substrate molecules.

The dietary supplementation positively affected blood leptin, insulin and glucose concentrations in these breeds of hair sheep, but there was no major effect on the reproductive processes. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives. The aims of this study were to measure and describe the Oral Health-Related Quality-of-Life (OHRQoL)

in a population about to receive removable dental prostheses (RDP) or fixed dental prostheses (FDP). Materials and methods. The Oral Health Impact Profile 49 (OHIP-49) was completed by 410 patients about to receive treatment with either RDP or FDP. Objective variables were: gender, age, number of teeth, type of replacement planned (FDP/RDP) and location (one jaw or both) and zone (aesthetic/masticatory/both) CA4P chemical structure of missing teeth to be replaced. Results. Women had a worse OHRQoL than men in the RDP group. Higher age was significantly correlated with a better OHRQoL independent of treatment

modality. Participants about to receive FDP in one jaw in the masticatory zone only had a better OHRQoL than RDP participants in the same group. The most frequently reported problems in all groups concerned functional limitations, discomfort and physical disabilities. Little variance in reported items was seen between the sub-groups and social handicap was not frequently reported. Conclusions. The difference in OHRQoL between participants about to receive RDP and MDV3100 in vivo FDP was limited. The most frequently reported problems concerned functional limitations, discomfort and physical disabilities. Social handicap was not frequently reported.”
“Biofuels Smoothened Agonist supplier are considered as a promising substitute for fossil fuels when considering the possible reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. However

limiting their impacts on potential benefits for reducing climate change is shortsighted. Global sustainability assessments are necessary to determine the sustainability of supply chains. We propose a new global criterion based framework enabling a comprehensive international comparison of bioethanol supply chains. The interest of this framework is that the selection of the sustainability indicators is qualified on three criterions: relevance, reliability and adaptability to the local context. Sustainability issues have been handled along environmental, social and economical issues. This new framework has been applied for a specific issue: from a Swiss perspective, is locally produced bioethanol in Switzerland more sustainable than imported from Brazil? Thanks to this framework integrating local context in its indicator definition, Brazilian production of bioethanol is shown as energy efficient and economically interesting for Brazil. From a strictly economic point of view, bioethanol production within Switzerland is not justified for Swiss consumption and questionable for the environmental issue.

Methods: In this article, the authors review the most common reconstructive strategies for all types of traumatic thumb defects. Results: Replantation is approached first as the primary option for most amputations. Nonreplantable injuries are organized using a simple classification adapted from Lister, dividing thumb amputations into four functional categories:

soft-tissue deficit with acceptable length, subtotal amputation with borderline length, total amputation with preservation of the carpometacarpal joint, and total amputation with destruction of the carpometacarpal check details joint. Within each category, relevant microsurgical and nonmicrosurgical reconstructive techniques are discussed, with a focus on appropriate technique selection for a given patient. Evidence and outcomes data are reviewed where available, and

case examples from our own experience are provided. Conclusions: Given that available options now range from simple gauze dressings to complex microsurgical reconstruction, preservation of reconstructive flexibility is essential and should be facilitated by judicious preservation of intact structures. The divergence of available reconstructive pathways underscores the importance of knowing one’s patients, understanding their motivation, and assessing their GW3965 goals. Only in properly matching the right reconstruction with the right patient will a mutually satisfactory result be achieved.”
“Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) play key roles in tumorigenesis, but little is known of their expression according to mucinous or serous type. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2. -7, -9. MT1-MMP, TIMP-1 and -2 in these tumors. A JQ1 price tissue microarray was set up including 99 serous (25 benign, 27 borderline, 47 malignant) and 79 mucinous (25 benign, 44 borderline, 10 malignant) ovarian tumors. Immunostaining results were scored by using the HSCORE and assessed by univariate, unsupervised hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analyses. Epithelial expression

of MMP-2, -7, -9, MT1-MMP, TIMP-2. but not TIMP-1, was higher in serous than mucinous tumors. Stromal expression of MMP-7 was higher in serous tumors. Alterations in MT1-MMP, MMP-7 and -9 were found in malignant serous tumors, while benign and borderline tumors shared similar expressions. By unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, mucinous and serous tumors were better differentiated by epithelial than stromal MMP and TIMP immunolabelling. By multidimensional scaling analysis, the expressions of MMPs and TIMPs were scattered in serous tumors and homogeneous for mucinous tumors. In conclusion. our results support the differential expression in MMPs and TIMPs of ovarian tumors according to serous or mucinous histology.”
“Objectives.

Assessments included

demographics, comorbidity, ASA score, operative details and 30-day postoperative outcome.\n\nResults Seventy patients in the CKD group were matched with 70 controls. ASA scores and length of stay did not differ significantly between the groups. CKD patients were older (mean age 76.5 years vs 71.1 years; P < 0.001) and had a lower mean body mass index (24.3 vs 28.2; P < 0.001) compared with controls. Compared with the CKD group, the mean operation time was longer in the control group (181.5 min vs 151.6 min; P = 0.02) and the estimated blood loss was greater (232 ml vs 165 ml; P = 0.004). Postoperative infection was AZD6244 mouse more common in the CKD group (60% vs 40%; P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in reoperation rates, 30-day readmissions or the incidence of acute renal failure (ARF).\n\nConclusion Patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4 had a higher incidence of postoperative infections than matched controls after colorectal surgery. ARF developed in 18.6% of patients. Preoperative optimization should include adequate hydration

and assessment of potentially nephrotoxic substances for bowel preparation, preoperative antibiotics and pain control.”
“Citrate gels were prepared from aqueous solutions of zirconium dinitrate oxide, ammonium metatungstate and citric acid in the range of pH 1.1-10. The citric acid to total metal molar ratio buy RepSox was varied from 0.66 to 1.33. The thermal decomposition of these precursor gels and the oxide phase evolution were studied by thermal analysis (DTA, TG, EGA-MS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), respectively. Complex stability appeared to be largely insensitive to pH variations, whereas consistency and thermal behaviour of the gels were found to be influenced by pH and molar ratio of the starting solutions. Under optimized thermolysis conditions, phase-pure trigonal ZrW2O8 was obtained which was converted to cubic ZrW2O8 by up-quenching to 1125 degrees C for a very short time (< 1 min). The cubic ZrW2O8 has

CCI-779 research buy particle sizes in the lower micron to submicron range and shows a negative linear coefficient of thermal expansion CTE = -10.2 x 10(-6) K-1 (30-120 degrees C). The polymorphism of ZrW2O8 is discussed with respect to its preparation by the amorphous citrate process and other soft chemistry routes. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.”
“The impact of education on health care outcome has been studied in the past, but its role in the dialysis population is unclear. In this report, we evaluated this association. We used the United States Renal Data System data of end-stage renal disease patients aged =18 years. Education level at the time of end-stage renal disease onset was the primary variable of interest. The outcome of the study was patient mortality. We used four categories of education level: 0?=?less than 12 years of education; 1?=?high school graduate; 2?=?some college; 3?=?college graduate.

“
“The growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with predefined structure

is of great importance for both fundamental research and their practical applications. Traditionally, SWCNTs are grown from a metal catalyst with a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, where the catalyst is in liquid state with fluctuating structures, and it is intrinsically unfavorable for the structure control of SWCNTs. Here we report the heteroepitaxial growth of SWCNTs NU7026 manufacturer from a platelet boron nitride nanofiber (BNNF), which is composed of stacked (002) planes and is stable at high temperatures. SWCNTs are found to grow epitaxially from the open (002) edges of the BNNFs, and the diameters of the SWCNTs are multiples of the BN (002) interplanar distance. In situ transmission electron microscopy observations coupled with first principles calculations reveal that the growth of SWCNTs from the BNNFs follows a vapor-solid-solid mechanism. Our work opens opportunities for the control over the structure of SWCNTs by hetero-crystallographic epitaxy.”
“Postauthorization safety surveillance of factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates is essential for assessing rare adverse event incidence. We determined Compound C manufacturer safety

and efficacy of ADVATE [antihaemophilic factor (recombinant), plasma/albumin-free method, (rAHF-PFM)] during routine clinical practice. Subjects with differing AZD5363 price haemophilia A severities and medical histories were monitored during 12 months of prophylactic and/or on-demand therapy. Among 408 evaluable subjects, 386 (95%) received excellent/good efficacy ratings for all on-demand assessments; the corresponding number for subjects with previous FVIII inhibitors was 36/41 (88%). Among 276 evaluable subjects receiving

prophylaxis continuously in the study, 255 (92%) had excellent/good ratings for all prophylactic assessments; the corresponding number for subjects with previous FVIII inhibitors was 41/46 (89%). Efficacy of surgical prophylaxis was excellent/good in 16/16 evaluable procedures. Among previously treated patients (PTPs) with > 50 exposure days (EDs) and FVIII < 2%, three (0.75%) developed low-titre inhibitors. Two of these subjects had a positive inhibitor history; thus, the incidence of de novo inhibitor formation in PTPs with FVIII < 2% and no inhibitor history was 1/348 (0.29%; 95% CI, 0.01-1.59%). A PTP with moderate haemophilia developed a low-titre inhibitor. High-titre inhibitors were reported in a PTP with mild disease (following surgery), a previously untreated patient (PUP) with moderate disease (following surgery) and a PUP with severe disease. The favourable benefit/risk profile of rAHF-PFM previously documented in prospective clinical trials has been extended to include a broader range of haemophilia patients, many of whom would have been ineligible for registration studies.

The kisspeptin level of the ICPP group prior to treatment (1.80 +/- 0.13 ng/ml) was significantly higher than those of the other two groups. The kisspeptin level of the ICPP group after 6 months of treatment (1.49 +/- 0.21 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that prior to treatment (P smaller than 0.05). It may be concluded that the plasma level of kisspeptin is associated with the initiation of pubertal development, and it may serve Selleckchem Ulixertinib as an important parameter in the diagnosis of ICPP and the evaluation of therapeutic effects.”
“Autosomal-dominant sensorineural hearing loss

is genetically heterogeneous, with a phenotype closely resembling presbycusis, the most common sensory defect associated with aging in humans. We have identified SLC17A8, which encodes the vesicular glutamate transporter-3 (VGLUT3), as the gene responsible for DFNA25, an autosomal-dominant form of progressive,

AZD6094 ic50 high-frequency nonsyndromic deafness. In two unrelated families, a heterozygous missense mutation, c.632C -> T (p.A211V), was found to segregate with DFNA25 deafness and was not present in 267 controls. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis suggested that the families have a distant common ancestor. The A211 residue is conserved in VGLUT3 across species and in all human VGLUT subtypes (VGLUT1-3), suggesting an important functional role. In the cochlea, VGLUT3 accumulates glutamate in the synaptic vesicles of the sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) before releasing it onto receptors of auditory-nerve terminals. Null mice with a targeted deletion of Slc17a8 exon 2 lacked GS-7977 in vivo auditory-nerve responses to acoustic stimuli, although auditory brainstem responses could be elicited by electrical stimuli, and robust otoacoustic emissions were recorded. Ca2+-triggered synaptic-vesicle turnover was normal in IHCs of Slc17a8 null mice when probed by membrane capacitance measurements at 2 weeks of age. Later, the number of afferent synapses, spiral ganglion neurons, and lateral efferent endings below sensory IHCs declined. Ribbon synapses remaining

by 3 months of age had a normal ultrastructural appearance. We conclude that deafness in Slc17a8-deficient mice is due to a specific defect of vesicular glutamate uptake and release and that VGLUT3 is essential for auditory coding at the IHC synapse.”
“A series of bifunctional DNA interstrand cross-linking agents, bis(hydroxymethyl)- and bis(carbamates)-8H-3a-azacyclopenta[a]indene-1-yl derivatives were synthesized for antitumor evaluation. The preliminary antitumor studies revealed that these agents exhibited potent cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumor therapeutic efficacy against human tumor xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, these derivatives have little or no cross-resistance to either Taxol or Vinblastine.