Here we describe serotype, multilocus sequence type (ST), and penicillin susceptibility of thirty pneumococcal invasive disease isolates received by the University of Malaya Medical Centre between February 2000 and January 2007 and relate this to the serotypes included in current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. A high level of diversity was observed; fourteen serotypes and 26 sequence

types (ST), (11 of which were not previously described) were selleck inhibitor detected from 30 isolates. Penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci accounted for 33% of isolates. The extent of molecular heterogeneity within carried and disease-causing Malaysian pneumococci remains unknown. Larger surveillance Duvelisib and epidemiological studies are now required in this region to provide robust evidence on which to

base future vaccine policy.”
“This article provides a new model for predicting the surface tension of molten alkali halides, because the subject is worthy of investigation. A relationship exists between the surface tension (gamma) at the melting point (T (m) ), molar volume (V), internuclear distance (D), and radius ratio The basic idea results from the assumption that all of the parameters are constants. The relation depends on the reliability and accuracy of all the constants on which it is based. The formula was examined and showed remarkable agreement between the calculated surface tension and experimental data within a difference of less than 10 pct for most of the salts studied.”
“We present

simulations investigating the effects of solvent quality on the dynamics of flexible (RNA-like) and semi flexible (DNA-like) polymers ejecting from spherical viral capsids. We find that the mean ejection time increases and the ejection time distributions are broadened as the solvent quality decreases. Our results thus suggest that DNA ejection may be very efficiently controlled by tuning the salt concentration in the environment, in agreement with recent experimental findings. We also observe random pauses in the ejection. These become extremely long for semi flexible polymers at lower GDC-0068 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor solvent quality, and we interpret this as a signature of a low driving force for ejection. We find that, for most polymers, ejection is an all-or-nothing process at the solvent conditions we investigated: polymers normally completely eject once the process is initiated.”
“Nine Daphniphyllum alkaloids, including three new ones, paxiphyllines C-E (1-3, resp.), were isolated from the twigs and the leaves of Daphniphyllum paxianum. Paxiphylline C (1) represents the first example of Daphniphyllum alkaloids with a carbonyldioxy group. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.

As healthcare-associated infection and poor compliance with precautions are a global problem, this research should be of benefit to midwives and midwifery educators worldwide in terms of addressing barriers and ensuring better clinical education. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A recombinant fusion protein BVN-T beta 4 is successfully

expressed in Escherichia coli, purified in the laboratory and applied onto the wounds of diabetic mice to investigate its effects on diabetic wound healing. Our results show that the recombinant protein BVN-T beta 4 can promote diabetic wound healing in the murine model. (c) 2014, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of avoidable mortality LY333531 price (AM) on the changes in life expectancy at birth (LE) in Tuscany Region (Central Italy) in two periods (1987-1989 and 2006-2008). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: a list of AM causes previously published was used. The Proteases inhibitor AM were divided into two groups: AM by Health Policy Interventions (HPI), AM by Health System Interventions (HSI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: years of potential life lost (PYLLs), rates of PYLL standardized on the European population (TSPYLLs), and LE were examined. RESULTS: in 2006-2008, LE

increased with a gain of 5.2 in men and 3.8 in women in comparison to 1987-1989 LE (respectively 79 and 84,9 years). If AM did not have occurred, LE would have further increased of 2 years in men and 1.5 in women. AM recorded a 39% decrease: from 25.3% of overall mortality in men in 1987-1989 to 16.1% in 2006-2008; in women from 14.3% to 8.4%. Injury/poisoning and lung cancer are the most frequent IPP. The only increasing AM is lung cancer in women. Disentangling LE increases by group of causes, 25% of the increases in 2006-2008, compared to 1987-1989, was attributable to HSI reduction, and 4% in women and 16% in men to HPI reduction. CONCLUSIONS: AM recorded a 39% decrease from 1987-1989 to 2006-2008 in Tuscany. In 2006-2008,

about one third of LE increase in women and 2/5 in men was attributable to AM decrease, while 2/3 in women and 3/5 in men to increased survival in eldest people.”
“Sixteen amphiphilic polymers were synthesized using poly(ethylene ATM Kinase Inhibitor glycols) (PEGs) of different molecular weights, viz. 1000, 1500, 2000 and 4000 as hydrophilic block and linkers namely azelaic acid, suberic acid, terephthalic acid and glycolic acid as hydrophobic block in the presence of catalyst conc. H2SO4 out of which four with glycolic acid as linker are new. Synthesized polymers were characterized by using H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR and IR spectroscopy. Micellar sizes of the polymers were determined using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique which ranged from 32.1-262.0nm and confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis.

\n\nConclusions: These studies provide strong evidence that the A allele of a MGMT promoter-enhancer SNP is a key determinant for MGMT methylation in lung carcinogenesis. Moreover, TMZ treatment may benefit a subset of lung cancer patients methylated for MGMT. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); find more 2014-23. (C)2011 AACR.”
“Objective-To determine thiamine-dependent enzyme activities in various tissue samples of Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and thiaminase activities in dietary fish.\n\nDesign-Cross-sectional study.\n\nAnimals-11 Pacific harbor seals with thiamine deficiency and 5 control seals.\n\nProcedures-Seals underwent evaluation to rule out various diseases and exposure to toxins. For seals that

died, measurement of thiamine-dependent enzymes in

liver and brain samples and determination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in liver, brain, buy MDV3100 and muscle samples were performed. Thiaminase activity in dietary fish was determined.\n\nResults-8 seals with thiamine deficiency died. Affected seals typically had acute neurologic signs with few nonspecific findings detected by means of clinicopathologic tests and histologic examination of tissue samples. Thiamine-dependent enzyme activities in liver samples of affected seals were significantly lower than those in control liver samples. The primary activation ratios and latencies for enzymes indicated that brain tissue was more affected by thiamine deficiency than liver tissue. Activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase

were more affected by thiamine deficiency than those of transketolase and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. For control seals, the mtDNA copy number in muscle samples was significantly lower than that for affected seals; conversely, the copy number in control liver samples was significantly greater than that of affected seals. Thiaminase activity was substantially higher in smelt than it was in other types of dietary fish.\n\nConclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results of analyses in this study confirmed a diagnosis of thiamine deficiency for affected seals resulting from high thiaminase activity in dietary fish, inadequate vitamin administration, and increased thiamine demand caused by pregnancy and lactation.”
“The Epigenetic inhibitor aim of this study was to evaluate short-term intravenous anaesthesia with alfaxalone in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Alfaxalone at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg was administered to thirteen adult male green iguanas via the ventral caudal vein following 24 h fasting. The induction time, tracheal tube insertion time, surgical plane of anaesthesia interval, and full recovery time were recorded. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (measured indirectly), pulse rate, respiratory rate, SpO(2) and ETCO2 were recorded. The induction time and tracheal tube insertion time was 41.54 +/- 27.69 s and 69.62 +/- 37.03 s, respectively.

“
“A series of phosphate mono-, di-, and triesters with a common leaving group

(LG) (2′-(2-phenoxy)1,1 0-phenanthroline) was prepared, and the kinetics of decomposition of their Cu(II) complexes was studied in methanol at 25 degrees C under (s)(s)pH-controlled conditions. The Cu(II) complexes of 2[2'-phenanthrolyl]phenyl phosphate (Cu(II):6), 2[2'-phenanthrolyl]phenyl methyl phosphate (Cu(II):7), and 2[2'-phenanthrolyl]phenyl dimethyl phosphate (Cu(II):8) are tightly https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blebbistatin.html bound, having dissociation constants K(d) <= 3 x 10(-7) M, with the Cu(II) being in contact with the departing phenoxide. The (s)(s)pH/rate profile for cleavage of Cu(II):6 has a low (s)(s)pH plateau (k(o) = 6.3 x 10(-3) s(-1)), followed by a bell-shaped maximum (k(cat)(max) = 14.7 +/- 0.4 s(-1)) dependent on two ionizations with (s)(s)pK(a)(2) and (s)(s)pK(a)(3) = 7.8 +/- 0.1 and 11.8 +/- 0.2. The gpH/rate profile for cleavage of Cu(II):7 has a broad plateau from BMS-754807 research buy (s)(s)pH 3 to (s)(s)pH 10 followed by a descending wing at higher (s)(s)pH with a gradient of -2. The (s)(s)pH/rate profile for cleavage of Cu(II):8 is sigmoidal with two plateaus (k(1) = (2.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5) s(-1), k(2) = (1.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(-6) s(-1)), connected by an ionization with a (s)(s)pK(a) of 6.03. Activation parameters are given for the reactions in the plateau

regions: all three species show similar Delta H(double dagger) terms of 21.4-21.6 kcal/mol, with major differences in the Delta S(double dagger) terms, which vary from 18 to 2.3 to -7.4 cal/(mol.K) passing from the mono- to di- to triester. Detailed analyses of the kinetics indicate Thiazovivin mw that the reactions involve spontaneous solvent-mediated cleavage of the Cu(II)-coordinated phosphate dianion [Cu(II):6b](0) and phosphate diester monoanion [Cu(II):7b](+) and, for the triester, complexes

containing Cu(II) and Cu(II): -OCH(3) designated as [Cu(II):8a](2+) and [Cu(II):8b](+). Reactions where methoxide is the active nucleophile are not observed. Comparisons of the rates of the decomposition of these species at their (s)(s)pH maxima in the neutral (s)(s)pH region with the estimated rates of the background reactions indicate that leaving group assistance provided by the coordinated Cu(II) accelerates the cleavage of the phosphate mono-, di-, and triesters by 10(14) to 10(15), 10(14), and 10(5). Detailed Hyperquad 2000 analysis of titration data indicates that phenoxide 9(-) is bound 23 kcal/mol stronger than the phosphate triester 8. It is the realization of part of this energy in the emerging products resulting from P-O(LG) cleavage that provides the driving force for the catalyzed reactions.”
“Background: Gene expression profiling studies of mastitis in ruminants have provided key but fragmented knowledge for the understanding of the disease. A systematic combination of different expression profiling studies via meta-analysis techniques has the potential to test the extensibility of conclusions based on single studies.

The underlying theoretical concept assumes a linear correlation between externally applied F/M systems and mechanical stresses induced within the smart bracket. However, in combined applications of F/M components the actual wire-bracket contacts may differ from those caused by separate applications of corresponding individual F/M components, thus violating the principle of linear superposition of mechanical stresses. This study systematically evaluates MLN4924 this aspect using

finite element (FE) simulations and measurements with a real smart bracket. The FE analysis indicated that variability in the wire-bracket contacts is a major source for measurement errors. By taking the critical F/M combinations into account in the calibration of the real smart bracket, we were able to reduce the mean measurement error in five of the six F/M components to

values <0.12 N and <0.04 N cm. Bucco-lingually directed forces still showed mean errors up to 0.21 N. Improving the force measurement accuracy and integrating components for telemetric energy and data transfer are the next steps towards clinical application of intelligent orthodontic appliances based on smart brackets. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by A beta overproduction click here and tau hyperphosphorylation. We report that an early, transient and site-specific AD-like tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser262 and Thr231 epitopes is temporally and causally related with an activation of the endogenous amyloidogenic pathway that we previously reported Bucladesine in vitro in hippocampal neurons undergoing cell death upon NGF withdrawal [Matrone, C., Ciotti, M. T., Mercanti, D., Marolda, R., Calissano, P., 2008b. NGF and

BDNF signaling control amyloidogenic route and Ab production in hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 13138-13143]. Such tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as apoptotic death, is (i) blocked by 4G8 and 6E10 A beta antibodies or by specific beta and/or gamma-secretases inhibitors; (ii) temporally precedes tau cleavage mediated by a delayed (6-12 h after NGF withdrawal) activation of caspase-3 and calpain-I; (iii) under control of Akt-GSK3 beta-mediated signaling. Finally, we show that such site-specific tau hyperphosphorylation causes tau detachment from microtubules and an impairment of mitochondrial trafficking.\n\nThese results depict, for the first time, a rapid interplay between endogenous A beta and tau post-translational modifications which act co-ordinately to compromise neuronal functions in the same neuronal system, under physiological conditions as seen in AD brain. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Unsaturated fatty acids are ligands of PPAR-gamma, which up-regulates genes involved in fatty acid transport and TAG synthesis and the insulin-sensitising adipokine adiponectin, which activates fatty acid beta-oxidation via PPAR-alpha action in liver.

We prospectively evaluated 378 premature newborn infants with a gestational age <32 weeks in a multicentre study from 12 Italian neonatal intensive care unit from 2009 to 2012. Infants were divided into two groups: normal controls (225) and BPD-affected infants

(141) with mild (65, 46.1%), moderate (40, 28.4%) and severe (36, 25.5%) BPD. BPD was more frequent in infants with lower weight and gestational age. Antenatal steroid administration was more frequent in the control group. Postnatal infection, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arterious, cerebral haemorrhage, surfactant administration, ventilatory support, diuretics and postnatal steroid administration correlated with severity of BPD. Among BPD, moderate and severe cases will be selected as BPD “extreme phenotypes”, and in fact variations in 28-day oxygen Nutlin 3 need-based BPD were previously shown to be fully attributable

selleck kinase inhibitor to environmental effects whereas dependence on supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks seems to better reflect underlying genetic susceptibility. Exome analysis by NGS is in progress. Identifications of genetic markers predisposing to BPD may allow development of personalized and preventive treatments.”
“A set of four specific primers for six regions of kmt1 gene from a species specific region was designed for developing the loop-mediated isothermal amplification diagnostic method of swine Pasteurella multocida (Pm-LAMP). After the Pm-LAMP was carried out at 63A degrees C for 1 h, the LAMP products could be visually confirmed using fluorescent dyes as detection reagent under UV-illumination. HDAC activity assay In sensitivity, the detection limit of the Pm-LAMP was 10 cfu/mL, and was 1 log less than that of the PCR method. In specificity, the Pm-LAMP did not amplify genomic DNA of swine common respiratory pathogens. Furthermore, based on results for clinical swab samples (n = 31) using PCR detection

as golden standard, relative sensitivity of the Pm-LAMP was 100%, relative specificity of the Pm-LAMP was 90.9%, and percentage of observation agreement was 93.5% (Kappa = 0.85). The Pm-LAMP method should be a useful diagnostic tool for rapid and visible detection of swine Pasteurella multocida.”
“Objectives/HypothesisTo detail the long-term outcomes of the endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure (EMLP) (also know as Draf III/frontal drillout) and identify key risk factors for failure.\n\nStudy DesignRetrospective cohort study and chart review.\n\nMethodsEndoscopic assessment of frontal ostium patency and patient-reported symptoms were prospectively collected on patients who underwent EMLP between January 2001 and December 2011 for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Risk factors for failing EMLP were identified.\n\nResultsThere were 229 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and underwent an EMLP.

\n\nConclusions: High concentrations of CRP in Indigenous participants were largely explained by other risk factors, in particular abdominal obesity. Irrespective of its independence as a risk factor, or its aetiological association with coronary heart disease (CHD), the high CRP levels in urban Indigenous women are likely to reflect increased vascular and

metabolic risk. The significance of elevated CRP in Indigenous Australians should be investigated in future longitudinal studies.”
“Background. Research in 2008 demonstrated that the majority of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests CBL0137 in vivo (OHCAs) occur in the home, and many important characteristics differ between private and public locations. However, the influence of the location of collapse IPI-145 supplier on survival from OHCA is not well understood. Furthermore, most of the reports have been from Western countries; there is little research from Asia that differentiates the conditions of OHCA. Objective. To investigate the influence of the location of collapse on being discharged alive from OHCA and whether the location of collapse is also an independent predictor of survival from OHCA in Japan. Methods. We analyzed 463 consecutive cases of witnessed OHCA with cardiac etiology that occurred between October 2004 and September 2008 in Japan. We investigated the characteristics

of OHCA patients who collapsed in private and public locations, and assessed the influence of the location of collapse on survival from OHCA. Results. Patients who collapsed outside the home were younger, more likely

to be male, more likely to receive bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and more likely to have ventricular fibrillation (VF)/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) and had a shorter time interval www.selleckchem.com/products/lazertinib-yh25448-gns-1480.html between collapse and 9-1-1 call than patients who collapsed in the home. Mortality was significantly higher in the group who collapsed in the home. The independent influence of the location of collapse was eliminated by additional adjustment for time interval from collapse to 9-1-1 call, age, bystander CPR, and initial cardiac rhythm. Finally, VF/pulseless VT as the initial rhythm and bystander CPR were independently associated with the patient’s being discharged alive; the location of collapse was not an independently associated variable. Conclusions. The present analysis demonstrated that there were significant differences in survival between groups of patients who suffered from cardiac arrest inside and outside the home in Japan. The outside-the-home group had a higher rate of survival from OHCA; however, the location of collapse was not an independent predictor of survival from OHCA.

The anti-deoxynivalenol antibody and deoxynivalenol were bound by their antigen-antibody reaction. The measurements were performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) solution. A standard Ag/AgCl electrode was employed as a reference electrode. The bindings of a SAM, anti-deoxynivalenol antibody, and deoxynivalenol caused a variation in the output voltage of the extended-gate MOSFET-based biosensor. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement

was performed to verify the interaction among the SAM, deoxynivalenol-antibody, and deoxynivalenol. (c) 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics”
“Background:\n\nData from epidemiology have consistently highlighted a disparity between the true prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders and their recognition as defined by receiving a clinical diagnosis. Few studies have looked specifically at the level of unidentified autistic spectrum disorder

(ASD) in the population.\n\nMethod:\n\nLogistic GSK2399872A supplier regression was used to determine the behavioural traits associated with receiving a diagnosis of ASD using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). A composite score was derived to measure levels of autistic traits; undiagnosed children with scores matching those diagnosed with ASD were identified. Levels of educational click here provision beyond that provided by standard schooling were examined.\n\nResults:\n\nFifty-five percent of children with autistic traits at the same levels as those who had an autism diagnosis had not been identified as needing extra support from education or specialised health services. Of those who were identified as having special needs, 37.5% had been formally diagnosed with an ASD. For children with impairment at the same level as that associated with Asperger’s syndrome, 57% had no special provision at school, and were not accessing specialised health services. Twenty-six percent of those who did have special provision at school had an ASD diagnosis.\n\nConclusions:\n\nThe results suggest that there may be a substantial proportion of children on the autistic spectrum who are never identified by services.”
“Reversible thermochromic

paper able to resist counterfeiting was prepared Selleck Pexidartinib by adding reversible thermochromic microcapsules ( RTM) to a slurry of cellulosic fibers, a process that is difficult to imitate. However, the loss of RTM is one of the biggest problems that inhibits industrial use of this approach. So, the retention of RTM in pulp was investigated. The RTM was synthesized by in-situ polymerization, and its properties were characterized. It exhibited strong color contrast between cool and heated conditions, and such behavior could be used to achieve distinctive anticounterfeiting characteristics in the paper. The surface of each microcapsule was smooth, and there was no coherence between particles. The diameters of the microcapsules were mainly in the range 3.0 mu m to 5.0 mu m.

In animal models, a single dose of scFv/TM, but not soluble TM, prevents platelet activation and vascular occlusion by clots. Thus, scFv/TM serves as a prodrug and provides thromboprophylaxis at low doses (0.15 mg/kg) via multifaceted mechanisms inhibiting

platelets and coagulation. (Blood. 2012;119(20):4779-4785)”
“We report a method for rapid screening of arrays of electrocatalyst GSK2879552 candidates. The approach is based on simultaneous activation of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and Ag electrodissolution at the cathodic and anodic poles, respectively, of bipolar electrodes (BPEs). Because the electrochemical activity of the two poles is directly coupled via the BPE, the extent of Ag electrodissolution is directly related to the ORR activity. The screening process lasts similar to 12 min. Because Ag dissolution provides a permanent record of catalyst activity, the screening results can be determined by simple optical microscopy after the electrochemical experiment. The method has the potential to provide quantitative information about electrocatalyst activity.”
“An orbital blow-in fracture is defined as a displaced fracture of the orbital rim or wall when the fractured bone fragment Selumetinib is pulled into the orbit, resulting in a decreased orbital volume. Orbital blow-in fractures is generally localized at the orbital roof. Surgical

Compound C treatment is required and should be early to avoid any damage to the visual. We report a peculiar case of indirect blow-in orbital roof fracture associated with fracture of the parietal bone.”
“Patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia /small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) have a 5-10% risk of developing autoimmune complications, which primarily cause cytopaenia. These autoimmune cytopaenias can occur at any stage of CLL and do not have independent prognostic significance. The most common autoimmune complication is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia with a lower frequency of immune thrombocytopaenia and pure

red blood cell aplasia and only rarely, autoimmune granulocytopaenia (AIG). Autoimmune cytopaenia should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of cytopaenia in patients with CLL. Patients with CLL can also have more than one form of autoimmune cytopaenia, which can occur together with bone-marrow failure. Treatment is usually effective but rarely curative for autoimmune cytopaenia complicating CLL. Optimal therapy will depend on a timely and accurate diagnosis of autoimmune cytopaenia and should be individualised according to the severity of the cytopaenia and the presence or absence of concomitant progressive CLL requiring therapy. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background and Objectives: Single-port laparoscopic colectomy is described as a new technique in colorectal surgery.

Through the meticulous study of the first cases and the telephone calls to those who attended the summer camp, 90% of the cases of the outbreak were detected.\n\nConclusions:

The active search of cases allowed an outbreak of whooping cough with a high attack rate to be studied in children and adolescents with a high vaccination coverage, and the application of control measures that contributed to stop the outbreak. (C) 2010 Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.”
“In this work, a study about the separation of antioxidant substances from Siraitia grosvenori’ leaves considered as an Ferroptosis inhibitor cancer agricultural waste was undertaken. The leaves of S. grosvenori were extracted with ethanol (phi(B) = 0.95) to obtain a crude extract (SEE). The antioxidant activity of SEE was evaluated and compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) using DPPH free radical, ABTS free radical, total antioxidant activity and reducing power assay. SEE had an antioxidant activity

similar to that of BHT. The total flavonoids content of SEE was found to be catechin equivalent find protocol of 83.45 g kg(-1) of extract. Higher flavonoids compounds may be major contributors to its high antioxidant activity. Following activity-oriented separation, three flavonoid compounds such as kaempferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-L-rhamnoside] (GR), kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucose-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (KG) and quercetin were separated from S. grosvenori’ leaves. All of them expressed good free radical scavenging activities. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“AimsThe

great majority of ovarian clear cell carcinomas have a hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox B (HNF-1)-positive and oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative immunoprofile. However, the pattern of HNF-1 and ER immunostaining in clear cell carcinomas of the endometrium and selleck products the usefulness of this panel in distinguishing clear cell carcinoma from other histological types of endometrial carcinoma have yet to be well defined. Methods and resultsWe examined the immunostaining patterns of HNF-1, ER and p53 in 15 morphologically classic pure endometrial clear cell carcinomas, and compared these patterns with 15 endometrioid and 15 serous carcinomas of the endometrium. We observed the presence of diffuse ( bigger than 70%) moderate to strong nuclear HNF-1 staining and negative ER staining in 14 of 15 clear cell carcinomas, with the remaining case showing both diffuse strong nuclear HNF-1 staining and focal ER staining. In comparison, only one of 15 serous carcinomas and none of 15 endometrioid carcinomas showed a combination of diffuse moderate to strong HNF-1 nuclear staining and negative ER staining. Aberrant p53 immunostaining was observed in five of 15 (33%) clear cell carcinomas.